Final answer:
The caste system is the social order practiced in Hinduism, deeply rooted in religious beliefs and historic traditions of Indian society. It categorizes society into different varnas based on the concepts of karma and cosmic order, although modern legal reforms have made caste discrimination illegal.
Step-by-step explanation:
The social order practiced in Hinduism is known as the caste system. This system has deep historical roots in Indian society and is closely tied to Hindu religious beliefs. The origins of the caste system date back to the arrival of the Aryan peoples in India and their subsequent conquest of the region. Society was divided into four main varnas: the Brahmins (priests and scholars), the Kshatriya (rulers and warriors), the Vaishya (farmers, merchants, and craftsmen), and the Sudra (servants and laborers). Beyond these, there are the Dalits, previously known as 'untouchables,' who make up a fifth group.
The caste system is based on the concepts of karma and reincarnation, with the belief that one's social position is determined by their past actions across lifetimes. While the caste system is ancient, it has evolved over time, with the current social standing being seen as a result of fate or divine order, ensuring that individuals fulfill their roles as determined by cosmic laws.
In modern India, although caste discrimination is illegal, the influence of the caste system persists in facets of social and political life. Yet, many lower caste groups have pushed for reform, seeking social advancement through education, converting to other religions, or entering the political arena.