Final answer:
Bullying affects the school atmosphere negatively, leading to consequences like underachievement, physical symptoms, and frequent absences; however, it's not typically a direct cause of being held back in school.
Step-by-step explanation:
Bullying can affect the school atmosphere and increases the likelihood that children will experience several negative outcomes. When considering the options provided: underachievement, stomachaches and headaches, being held back in school, and frequent absences, the one that typically is not a direct result of bullying itself is "being held back in school". Though bullying can cause underachievement due to the various mental and emotional impacts it has on a child, including anxiety, depression, and an inability to concentrate, it usually isn’t a direct cause for a child to be held back a grade; this is more often due to academic performance issues not exclusively tied to bullying.
Bullying does increase the probability of the victim manifesting symptoms such as underachievement due to the stress and mental health issues it can cause. Victims may also experience somatic symptoms like stomachaches and headaches. Finally, bullying can lead to more frequent absences as children try to avoid the stressful environment that bullying creates.