Final answer:
The term global contagion refers to the rapid spread of financial or monetary crises from one country to another, exacerbated by the integration of national economies through globalization. Option d.
Step-by-step explanation:
The term that refers to the tendency of a financial or monetary crisis in one country to spread rapidly to other countries, due to the ongoing integration of national economies, is global contagion(d). This phenomenon is largely attributed to globalization, which has significantly increased the interconnectedness of international trade and financial markets. As nations have become more reliant on each other for trade and investment, the impact of a financial crisis in one country can lead to ripple effects that affect the financial stability of others. This was clearly observed during the Great Recession, where financial turmoil in the United States had widespread effects on global economies, and more recently, the economic challenges faced by European countries that resulted from the high deficits due to financial bailouts and the subsequent austerity measures that were implemented.