Final answer:
The statement that complex nonprogrammed decisions are often referred to as wicked problems because simply defining the problem can turn into a major task is true. These kinds of decisions require the use of cognitive skills and heuristics to navigate the complexities and uncertainties involved.
Step-by-step explanation:
Complex nonprogrammed decisions are indeed often referred to as wicked problems. This is true because these types of decisions involve a high degree of uncertainty, complexity, and are often unique in nature. They are termed 'wicked' not only because they are difficult to solve but also because defining the problem itself can be a substantial challenge. In the case of wicked problems, there is typically no clear roadmap or set of steps that will lead to a straightforward solution. Decision-makers must use cognitive skills to make decisions and often rely on heuristics, or rules of thumb, to guide them through the decision-making process. These heuristics can help break down the complex issues and highlight interconnected problems to find a workable solution or response.
For instance, when making poor design decisions early in a process, one might find it impossible to develop a design that successfully meets customers' needs without first redefining and understanding the underlying problems. Similarly, when faced with choices that involve predicting outcomes and estimating impacts, it can be quite advantageous to use problem-solving skills that are applicable to personalized situations.