Final answer:
The statement is False. Anaerobic training's adaptations begin in the muscle fibers, focusing on building muscle mass and strength through hypertrophy and improved waste removal via angiogenesis, and are not initiated from the brain centers.
Step-by-step explanation:
The statement that anaerobic training promotes adaptations along the neuromuscular chain, beginning in the muscle fibers and then continuing to the brain centers, is False. Anaerobic exercises, such as sprinting and push-ups, are high-intensity physical activities that involve muscle contractions at near maximum strength for short durations. They predominantly use a high percentage of fast-twitch muscle fibers, which consume minimal oxygen.
Adaptations from anaerobic exercise include increases in muscle and bone mass and strength, primarily through the process of hypertrophy, where muscle fibers increase in size due to the addition of structural proteins. Additionally, anaerobic training can trigger angiogenesis, the formation of more extensive capillary networks, to improve oxygen supply and waste removal, which is crucial for sustaining muscle contractions without fatiguing quickly.
These adaptations are primarily local to the muscular system and do not start in the brain centers. Instead, adaptations in the central nervous system due to training are more related to improved coordination, muscle recruitment, and efficiency in the muscle contraction process, which is partly influenced by increased feedback from muscle to brain, not the other way around.