Final answer:
Active Directory (AD) is the correct answer as it provides centrally controlled and managed access and security management system for Windows systems, unlike SQL Server, Oracle Database, or MySQL that are focused on data storage and retrieval.
Step-by-step explanation:
The database that provides a centrally controlled and managed access and security management system for an organization's Windows computer systems is Active Directory (AD). Unlike SQL Server, Oracle Database, or MySQL Database which are databases designed to store and retrieve data, Active Directory is a directory service created by Microsoft for Windows domain networks. It is involved in centralized domain management, offering a range of services like LDAP directory services, Kerberos based authentication, and DNS naming. Active Directory stores information about objects on the network and makes this information easy for administrators and users to find and use. Additionally, AD provides a hierarchical framework of objects such as users, groups, and computers, and it allows admins to set up security policies and enforce them across the entire domain.