Question

Suppose a researcher finds a positive correlation between testosterone levels and aggressive behavior among a sample of adolescent boys. Based on this information, which of the following is the most specific conclusion of which we can be certain?

A) Higher testosterone levels cause increased aggressive behavior in adolescent boys.
B) Aggressive behavior causes an increase in testosterone levels in adolescent boys.
C) There is a relationship between testosterone levels and aggressive behavior in adolescent boys, but the direction of causation is unclear.
D) Testosterone levels and aggressive behavior in adolescent boys are completely unrelated.

Answer 1

The correct answer is C) There is a relationship between testosterone levels and aggressive behavior in adolescent boys, but the direction of causation is unclear.

Step-by-step explanation:

A researcher finds a positive correlation between testosterone levels and aggressive behavior among a sample of adolescent boys.

The most specific conclusion that we can be certain of is C) There is a relationship between testosterone levels and aggressive behavior in adolescent boys, but the direction of causation is unclear.

While testosterone is known for its role in male secondary sexual characteristics and has been associated with aggression, establishing a clear causal relationship is complex. Problems in studies, such as poor methodology and questionable definitions of aggression, contribute to the difficulty in understanding whether increased testosterone levels provoke aggression or if aggressive behavior leads to increased testosterone levels. Additionally, cultural factors can also influence levels of aggression, suggesting the relationship between testosterone and aggression is not straightforward.