Final answer:
To address management and control issues, organizations commonly use command-and-control regulations, which enforce specific pollution limits, and market-oriented tools like tradable permits and pollution taxes that offer incentives to exceed minimum requirements and adapt flexibly to reduce emissions.
Step-by-step explanation:
Two common tools or practices that organizations use to address issues of management and control are command-and-control regulation and market-oriented tools. Command-and-control regulation requires firms to adhere to specific pollution limits and technologies. In contrast, market-oriented tools, such as tradable permits, pollution taxes, and product charges, incentivize businesses to innovate and reduce emissions beyond the minimum requirements by allowing them to profit from doing so.
These market-oriented tools address command-and-control regulations' three major complaints: they incentivize going beyond set limits, they provide flexibility in how to reduce pollution, and they reduce the impact of politically-motivated loopholes. By using market mechanisms, firms are motivated to find the most cost-effective solutions to reduce pollution and can do so in a way that best suits their specific circumstances, encouraging continual environmental improvement.