Final answer:
The correct answer is historical geology, which focuses on Earth's changes over time, using tools like the geologic time scale and insights from paleontology.
Step-by-step explanation:
The branch of geology that deals with the origin and changes of Earth and life through time and space is historical geology. Historical geology uses tools like the geologic time scale to understand the progression of Earth's history by examining major changes in geology, climate, and evolution of life. This field is closely related to paleontology, which uses fossils to study the history of life, and together they help interpret the transformations of Earth's landscapes, environments, and ecosystems over vast stretches of time.