Final answer:
Newborn Kayla's smiling in response to her father's smile is a result of social learning. Classical conditioning explains how a cat learns from environmental stimuli, while both nature and nurture play roles in children's language acquisition. Similarly, operant conditioning describes learning through the association of behavior with its consequences.
Step-by-step explanation:
The question regarding newborn Kayla smiling when she sees her father smile is most likely a result of social learning. Social learning is a process where individuals learn from observing others, imitating modeled behavior, and from the outcome of those behaviors, rather than through direct reinforcement or conditioning. This form of learning is inherent in human beings and can begin at a very young age, as seen with newborn Kayla.
When discussing the effect of stimuli on a cat's behavior, the term that should be used to describe the process represented by the diagram is classical conditioning. This is because classical conditioning involves learning through association, where a naturally occurring stimulus is connected with a response. Over time, the cat comes to associate previously neutral stimuli with the natural response, even without the original, natural stimulus being presented.
In terms of language learning by children, both B. F. Skinner's behaviorist perspective of learning through reinforcement and Noam Chomsky's theory of an inborn language acquisition device are acknowledged. Current research suggests that language acquisition is a result of both nature and nurture.
Another form of learning is operant conditioning, where behaviors are learned through the consequences that follow them. For example, when a dolphin performs a trick and receives a fish as a reward, it is more likely to repeat the behavior in anticipation of more fish rewards in the future.