Final answer:
Hatching is the technique of using parallel lines to convey darkness or lightness in art. Crosshatching enhances this effect with another set of overlapping lines. These techniques, including the Italian term chiaroscuro, contribute to creating the illusion of depth and form on a flat surface.
Step-by-step explanation:
Hatching is the use of overlapping parallel lines to convey darkness or lightness in a work of art. When artists use this technique, they lay down parallel lines closely together; the closer the lines are, the darker the shade they create. This helps give a sense of depth and form to objects, enhancing their three-dimensional appearance. Similarly, crosshatching involves adding another set of lines over the first, at an angle, to create even darker shades. This technique is especially useful in media that restrict artists to line work, such as etching. Meanwhile, in linear perspective, adopting orthogonals converge at a vanishing point on the horizon line, providing the illusion of depth and volume on a two-dimensional surface. The application of these techniques, such as chiaroscuro, as exemplified in Michelangelo's works, uses the contrast between light and dark to give shape and form to the figures, playing a pivotal role in the expression of artistic vision.