Final answer:
The president's powers in foreign policy include being commander-in-chief and negotiating treaties, while Congress has the power to declare war and ratify treaties. The judiciary can rule on foreign policy-related cases, though it has less direct influence over policy formulation.
Step-by-step explanation:
The powers of the president include being the commander-in-chief of the military and the ability to negotiate and enter into foreign agreements and treaties, with the Senate's approval for the latter. The president can also make executive agreements without Senate consent, which are often used in foreign policy.
The War Powers Resolution of 1973, while originally intended to restrict the president's authority, effectively allows the president to engage in military conflict without a formal declaration of war for a period of up to two months.
The powers of Congress include the ability to amend and oversee the budget for foreign operations and exert influence over foreign policy through its powers related to appointments, treaties, and war, which it shares with the president. Congress also has the authority to declare war and to ratify treaties that the president has negotiated, although the president retains significant autonomy in international affairs.
The judiciary, through the judicial branch, has the power to rule on constitutional issues and cases that involve the U.S. government, including those related to foreign policy and disputes among states, though it tends not to have direct influence over the formulation of foreign policy.