Final answer:
Different mutagens such as Ethylmethane sulfonate, 5'-bromouracil, Acridine Orange, and X-ray cause different DNA lesions; leading to base substitutions, tautomeric shifts, frameshift mutations, and double-stranded breaks, respectively.
Here's the completion of the table based on the mutagens and the type of lesions they induce in DNA:
Mutagen Type of Lesions Induced in DNA
Ethylmethane sulfonate 2) Base substitution
5'-bromouracil 3) Insertion or deletion
Acridine Orange 1) Frameshift
X-ray 4) Double-stranded break
Step-by-step explanation:
Ethylmethane sulfonate (EMS): It's an alkylating agent that modifies bases, leading to base substitutions. Alkylating agents like EMS can chemically modify bases, causing them to mispair during DNA replication, leading to base substitutions.
5'-bromouracil: It's a base analog that can be incorporated into DNA in place of thymine. Its structural similarity to thymine can result in insertion or deletion mutations during DNA replication.
Acridine Orange: This compound is an intercalating agent. Intercalating agents can insert themselves between DNA base pairs, causing frameshift mutations by disrupting the DNA sequence during replication or transcription.
X-ray: Ionizing radiation, like X-rays, can cause double-stranded breaks in the DNA backbone, which can lead to mutations if not repaired correctly. Double-stranded breaks are one of the most severe types of DNA damage and can result in loss of genetic material or chromosomal rearrangements.
Each mutagen has specific mechanisms that lead to different types of lesions or mutations in DNA, contributing to genetic variability or potential health risks depending on the extent of the damage and the cell's repair mechanisms.