Final answer:
Free radicals are capable of altering molecules due to their reactive unpaired electrons, leading to oxidative stress and cellular damage. The body uses antioxidants to neutralize these radicals and prevent the chain reactions that cause damage. Despite their potential harm, free radicals also fulfill crucial roles in cellular signaling and immune responses.
Step-by-step explanation:
Free radicals are highly reactive molecules with unpaired electrons, which makes them capable of altering other molecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. These alterations occur when free radicals oxidize other molecules, causing cellular damage and potentially leading to cell death. Free radicals are involved in various biological processes, including aging and the development of diseases like cancer and coronary artery disease. They can initiate chain reactions that propagate cell damage, but the body employs antioxidants like vitamins C and E to neutralize these radicals and prevent further harm.
One of the most significant impacts of free radicals is related to oxidative stress, which is the cumulative damage to cells caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS). This oxidative stress can lead to mutations in DNA, and contribute to a variety of age-related diseases. While free radicals can be detrimental, they also play a role in essential cellular functions such as signaling processes and immune responses. Nonetheless, a balance between free radicals and antioxidants is crucial to maintain cellular health and prevent the adverse effects of oxidative stress.