Final answer:
The Abbasid caliph who presided over the Islamic Golden Age of science and innovation was Al-Ma'mun (1). He established the House of Wisdom in Baghdad, advancing knowledge in various fields and marking the zenith of Islamic intellectual history.
Step-by-step explanation:
The Abbasid caliph who ruled during Islam's golden age of science and innovation was Al-Ma'mun.
Caliph Al-Ma'mun is renowned for his patronage of the sciences and is most closely associated with the flourishing of the Islamic Golden Age. This period was marked by significant advancements in various fields including philosophy, mathematics, medicine, and astronomy, among others. He established the House of Wisdom in Baghdad, which became a center for the translation of classical Greek and Persian texts, thereby preserving and expanding upon this ancient knowledge. His rule epitomized the blending of Islamic and Persian influences, which were hallmarks of the Abbasid Caliphate.
During the reign of Al-Ma'mun, the Islamic world became a scholarly and cultural beacon. The House of Wisdom became a hub for intellectual activities, with scholars from all over the Islamic Empire gathering to study and share knowledge. This period is often regarded as one of the pinnacles of Islamic intellectual history.