Final answer:
From Henry VIII to James II, the relationship between English rulers and Parliament evolved from being monarch-dominated to one where Parliament significantly asserted its power, culminating in the constraint and deposition of James II during the Glorious Revolution.
Step-by-step explanation:
Relationships Between English Parliament and Rulers
During the reign of Henry VIII, the English Parliament and the ruler had a cooperative relationship, albeit one where the monarch had significant influence. The Parliament supported Henry's religious reforms, which ultimately established the Church of England and affirmed the monarch's supremacy over religious affairs. This era marked the beginning of a power shift that would see the Parliament increasingly asserting its power, although it was still heavily influenced by royal authority.
Elizabeth I's relationship with Parliament was characterized by a balanced approach to governance. She sought to appease both Protestants and Catholics, achieving political stability through compromise. The queen only demanded outward conformity from her subjects, setting a precedent for religious tolerance. Her era witnessed the rise of the Puritans, who would eventually exert considerable influence in the parliament.
Under Charles I, the relationship between the monarchy and Parliament deteriorated, leading to the English Civil War. His attempt to rule without Parliament and impose taxes unilaterally provoked conflict. The execution of Charles I exemplified the extent of the power struggle, where Parliament demonstrated its capacity to challenge and ultimately terminate the reign of a monarch.
The period of Oliver Cromwell's rule as Lord Protector was an era marked by a temporary republic, the Commonwealth. However, Cromwell exercised dictatorial powers, disregarding some of the liberties previously protected under Magna Carta. This interlude ended with the restoration of the monarchy and the re-establishment of Parliament's influence.
The restoration of Charles II marked a cautious period of monarchical and parliamentary relations, with Parliament and the populace wary of any tilt toward Catholicism. This period emphasized the continued tension between maintaining royal prerogative and Parliamentary authority. Despite the restoration of the monarchy, Parliament retained significant power, shaping the future of the English constitutional monarchy.
The deposition of James II during the Glorious Revolution was a pivotal moment where Parliament firmly established its ability to constrain the monarchy. James II's Catholic leanings and attempts to relax restrictions on Catholics were met with resistance from a Parliament that had become increasingly protective of Protestantism and wary of autocratic rule. The invitation extended to William of Orange and Mary to rule symbolized Parliament's role in the monarchy's succession and governance.