Final answer:
A specific action by an employer can be considered an unfair labor practice in bargaining, known as a per se violation.
Step-by-step explanation:
In some cases, a specific, single action by an employer can be considered an unfair labor practice in bargaining and is called a per se violation. This means that the action is automatically considered a violation of labor laws without needing further evidence.
For example, if an employer refuses to bargain in good faith with the union representing their employees, it would be considered a per se violation. This is because the employer has a legal obligation to engage in collective bargaining and reach a mutual agreement with the union.
Other examples of per se violations include interfering with employees' rights to join or form a union, firing or discriminating against employees for union-related activities, and refusing to implement agreed-upon terms of a collective bargaining agreement.