Final answer:
Employer tactics like small group meetings, house calls, and creating committees of employees can have a negative impact on union election outcomes, as can hiring a labor lawyer.
Step-by-step explanation:
The question considers which employer tactics might negatively impact a union during elections and ultimately lead to a union loss. Tactics such as small group meetings, house calls, and creating committees of employees can serve to dissuade union participation by fostering direct communication and addressing concerns individually, thereby reducing the perceived need for collective bargaining.
Hiring a labor lawyer can also negatively affect union election outcomes. The lawyer helps to navigate legal channels that can prevent successful unionization or diminish the union's influence during negotiations. On the contrary, demonstration of solidarity is typically a pro-union tactic used to show unity among workers and would not have a negative effect on the union's position in elections.
The presence of unions is historically known to lead to higher pay for worker-members due to collective bargaining. However, employers seeking to manage costs may hire a lower quantity of workers as a result. The efforts to pass worker protection laws, ironically, have made some workers feel unions are less necessary, contributing to the decline in union membership.