Final answer:
The Egyptian pyramids, such as the Great Pyramid of Khufu, were built by free laborers who used ropes, pulleys, and ramps to place massive stone blocks. Egypt's wealth, advanced engineering knowledge, and societal organization made the construction possible, reflecting the Nile's abundance and the government's efficiency.
Step-by-step explanation:
The Egyptian pyramids were constructed mainly between 2660 and 2400 BCE, showcasing the engineering prowess of ancient Egypt. Contrary to long-held beliefs, the pyramids were not built by slaves but by free laborers, who were well-organized and worked efficiently under the supervision of a head engineer. These laborers were employed by the king, paid by royal agents, and lived in cities built close to the construction sites.
The construction of the pyramids was a display of Egypt's substantial resources, made possible by the Nile's fertility which supported a large population and provided the needed surplus of grain. The Old Kingdom's government was highly efficient in tax collection and the allocation of resources, ensuring the smooth progression of these grand projects. Notably, pyramids such as the Step Pyramid of Djoser represented a leap in architectural design, moving from mud-brick mastabas to more durable stone structures.
Ultimately, the ability to organize a large workforce, the close proximity of construction materials like sandstone and limestone, the advanced knowledge of geometry and architecture, and the unifying power and wealth of the pharaohs were central to the success of these monumental feats of engineering.