Final answer:
Aristotle's doctrine of the mean states that virtue is the balanced state between extremes of excess and deficiency, exemplified through rational action and contributing to one's well-being or eudaimonia. It involves cultivating a virtuous, excellent character through reflection and habit.
Step-by-step explanation:
The doctrine of the mean, as described by Aristotle in his Nicomachean Ethics, refers to the concept that virtue is maintained as an intermediate position between two extremes of excess and deficiency. The virtuous action or state of character is a balanced one, the 'golden mean,' that is neither excessive nor deficient in nature. For instance, Aristotle uses bravery as an example, where it is the mean between the extremes of cowardice (excess of fear and deficiency of confidence) and rashness (deficiency of fear and excess of confidence). Embodying this golden mean in actions and character contributes to human flourishing, or eudaimonia, and the well-being of the individual.
A good life, according to ancient Greek philosophers, is one in which aretē (excellence or virtue) is present. Applying this to human beings, our aretē relates to rationality and the unique function of reason. Virtue entails consistently choosing the right action through reflection and self-awareness, as part of a habituated, excellent character. Philosophers like Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle view virtue as an objective good and essential to a fulfilling life, continually requiring examination and practice.