Final answer:
Mac's weekly allowance is calculated to be $48.00 by extrapolating from the amount he had left and spent. The average distance of Venus from the Sun is determined to be 108.2 million kilometers by using the given distance of Mercury and subtracting the additional distance.
Step-by-step explanation:
Let's denote Mac's weekly allowance as A. If he had a quarter of his allowance left, then 1/4 of A equals the amount he had left plus what he spent: A/4 = 3.50 + 8.50. Simplifying, we get A/4 = 12.00, therefore A = 12.00 × 4, which means A = 48.00. So, Mac's weekly allowance is $48.00.
Given that Mercury's average distance from the Sun is 57.9 million kilometers, which is 3.8 million km more than half the average distance of Venus from the Sun, we can find Venus's average distance. Let's call Venus's average distance V. The equation becomes 0.5 × V + 3.8 = 57.9. Solving for V, we have V = (57.9 - 3.8) × 2, thus V = 108.2 million kilometers.