Final answer:
Mutualisms and commensalisms are types of symbiotic relationships, the term that includes these as well as parasitism is 'symbiosis'. Hence, the correct answer is symbiosis.
Step-by-step explanation:
Mutualisms and commensalisms are types of symbiotic relationships between two species. Specifically, these terms describe relationships where both species benefit, or where one species benefits without affecting the other, respectively. The correct term that encompasses both mutualisms and commensalisms, as well as parasitism (where one species benefits at the expense of the other), is symbiosis. Therefore, the answer to the question is option 4) symbiosis.
Mutualisms and commensalisms are indeed types of symbiotic relationships between two species. Mutualism refers to a relationship where both species benefit, while commensalism describes a situation in which one species benefits without affecting the other. Additionally, parasitism represents a symbiotic relationship where one species benefits at the expense of the other.
The umbrella term that encompasses all these types of symbiotic relationships—mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism—is indeed "symbiosis." Symbiosis denotes the ecological interaction between different species living in close association, and it includes scenarios where the interaction is mutually beneficial, beneficial for one and neutral for the other, or beneficial for one while harming the other. Understanding symbiotic relationships is crucial for comprehending ecological dynamics and the interdependence of different organisms within ecosystems.