Final answer:
The error that occurs when a participant refuses to cooperate in a study is called non-response bias, which is a research error rather than any of the provided programming errors like Syntax, Runtime, Semantic, or Logical error.
Step-by-step explanation:
The question asks: What is the type of error when a participant refuses to cooperate? The options are: 1) Syntax error 2) Runtime error 3) Semantic error 4) Logical error. However, these types of errors are all associated with computer programming. When a participant refuses to cooperate in a study, it is typically related to a research error, not a programming error. It can be a form of non-sampling error called non-response bias, which is a bias that occurs when certain subjects do not have the chance to participate in the survey or study.
Non-response bias is a significant issue in research as it can lead to results that are not representative of the population. This is different from the chance errors or biases that might occur when studying a sample instead of an entire population. It does not correspond to any of the given programming-error options, as it is related to the research methodology rather than issues with the code.