Final answer:
The H+ pumps are provided by the oxidation of NADH and FADH₂ in the electron transport chain, which uses the energy from high-energy electrons to pump protons across the inner membrane of the mitochondria.
Step-by-step explanation:
The H+ pumps, which are responsible for pumping hydrogen ions, are provided by the oxidation of NADH and FADH₂ in the electron transport chain. In this process, high-energy electrons from NADH and FADH₂ are transported through a series of enzyme complexes, such as complexes I through IV and mobile electron carriers like ubiquinone (Q) and cytochrome c (Cyt c). As the electrons pass through these complexes, they release energy, which is used to pump protons across the inner membrane of the mitochondria. This creates an electrochemical gradient, and ATP is produced through chemiosmosis.