Final answer:
The Working Memory Model by Baddeley and Hitch includes the central executive, phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, and episodic buffer, emphasizing the complexity of short-term memory. The Levels of Processing Model by Craik and Tulving centers on the depth of encoding, with deeper, semantic processing leading to better retention in long-term memory. Both models highlight the significance of encoding for memory retention.
Step-by-step explanation:
Working Memory Model and Levels of Processing
Baddeley and Hitch's Working Memory Model (1974) revolutionized our understanding of short-term memory by dividing it into different components. This model consists of the central executive, which acts as a supervisor directing attention and coordinating cognitive processes, the phonological loop responsible for verbal and auditory information, the visuospatial sketchpad for visual and spatial data, and the episodic buffer, a later addition by Baddeley in 2000, that integrates information across these domains into a coherent sequence.
On the other hand, the Levels of Processing (LOP) Model, proposed by Craik and Tulving (1975), suggests that memory retention is a direct result of the depth of processing. Encoding can occur at various levels, from shallow (visual) to deeper (acoustic) and deepest (semantic), with deeper processing leading to better long-term memory retention. Both models emphasize the importance of the method and depth of encoding in the transference of information into long-term memory.
While the Working Memory Model breaks down short-term memory into distinct components, the Levels of Processing Model shifts focus onto the mechanisms of encoding, emphasizing that the deeper and more meaningful the process of encoding, the better the retention in long-term memory.