Final answer:
The behavior where both the actor and recipient may suffer a loss, but rules are enforced, is known as punishment. This is different from altruism or reciprocity, such as in reciprocal altruism observed in monkey grooming behavior, where reciprocal benefits are expected.
Step-by-step explanation:
The social behavior in which a penalty is imposed on the "recipient," while the "actor" also suffers a loss, is called punishment. This is distinct from altruism, where the actor may incur a cost to their own fitness to increase the fitness of another unrelated individual. In reciprocity, both parties benefit over time through a give-and-take relationship. For example, in many monkey species, unrelated individuals groom each other, removing parasites and thereby increasing each other's fitness. This mutual behavior is an example of reciprocal altruism, not to be confused with altruism, as it is based on the expectation of returned benefits rather than selfless giving.