Final answer:
If a color-blind female has children, all of her sons will be affected by color blindness.
Step-by-step explanation:
Color blindness is an X-linked recessive trait, meaning it is carried on the X chromosome. If a color-blind female has children, all of her sons will be affected by color blindness because she will pass the recessive allele for color blindness to all of her sons. This is because males only have one X chromosome, so if they inherit the colorblindness gene from their mother, they will be colorblind. On the other hand, her daughters will be unaffected because they would need to inherit the recessive allele from both parents to be colorblind.
When a color-blind female has children, her sons are guaranteed to inherit the X chromosome she possesses because males are XY, and the only X chromosome they receive comes from their mother. Since color blindness is an X-linked recessive trait, the presence of the colorblind gene on this X chromosome means that all of her sons will be affected by color blindness. Conversely, daughters will inherit one X chromosome from their mother and one from their father, making them carriers if the father has normal vision (unaffected). This demonstrates the pattern of X-linked recessive inheritance, where affected females can only result from a colorblind mother and an affected father or a carrier mother and an affected father.