Final answer:
Slow continuous ultrafiltration, also known as isolated ultrafiltration, is applied to remove excess plasma water in patients with volume overload, utilizing the body's pressure gradients without significantly removing solutes.option 1 is correct answer.
Step-by-step explanation:
Slow continuous ultrafiltration, also known as isolated ultrafiltration, is used to remove plasma water in cases of volume overload. This process focuses on the movement of water out of the blood due to imbalances in osmotic or hydrostatic pressures without the significant removal of solutes that occurs in dialysis. It isolates the ultrafiltration component of hemodialysis to primarily manage fluid balance when the body is retaining excess fluid, commonly seen in congestive heart failure or renal failure situations where there is an inability to regulate water balance effectively.
In a dialysis machine, the blood is separated from a solution called the dialysate, designed to remove wastes through a semipermeable membrane. For dialysis to work effectively, the concentration of solutes must be lower in the fresh dialysate than in the blood; this gradient enables the diffusion of waste from the blood into the dialysate. Reverse osmosis and reverse dialysis (filtration) are related processes that can force water and solutes through membranes using back pressure but are distinct from slow continuous ultrafiltration, which relies on pressure gradients naturally present in the body or generated by the hemodialysis machine.
It's important to note that slow continuous ultrafiltration does not significantly remove solutes as there's no dialysate involved to carry away the solutes through convection or diffusion. Instead, it mainly targets excess fluid, aiming to correct hypervolemia without altering solute concentrations greatly.