Final answer:
Sexual selection through mate choice leads to choosy females, elaborate courtship displays by males, some males mating less frequently, and potentially higher parental investment. The correct answer to the question is option 2 the evolution of elaborate courtship displays.
Step-by-step explanation:
Sexual selection by mate choice leads to numerous outcomes in the animal kingdom, and it is a significant factor in the evolution of species. Some of the key consequences of sexual selection include:
- Choosy females: Females often have the role of selecting mates based on certain desirable traits, which can be behavioral, physical, or a combination of both.
- Elaborate courtship displays: To attract the attention of choosy females, males may develop courtship displays, which can include complex behaviors, the building of impressive structures like the bowerbird's nest, or physical features such as colorful plumage.
- Males mating with less than normal number of females: If female choice is stringent and females are selective, some males may end up with fewer mating opportunities.
- Higher parental investment: Selection could favor traits that indicate an ability or willingness of the male to contribute to parental care, which could lead to greater investment in offspring.
The correct option regarding the outcomes caused by sexual selection through mate choice is 2) Evolution of elaborate courtship displays.