Final answer:
Convergent evolution is when unrelated organisms independently evolve similar traits to adapt to similar environments, exemplified by the wings of insects and birds, and the seasonal camouflage of arctic foxes and ptarmigans.
Step-by-step explanation:
Convergent evolution is a process where organisms that are not closely related independently evolve similar traits as a result of having to adapt to similar environments or ecological niches. This phenomenon can be seen in the development of analogous structures that perform similar functions but are not derived from a common ancestor. For example, the wings of insects and birds both serve the function of flight yet are not inherited from a common ancestor, illustrating convergent evolution driven by similar selective pressures.
Another example is seen with organisms like the Arctic beluga whale and Antarctic right whale, which have independently evolved adaptations for swimming, despite living in different parts of the globe. Similarly, the arctic fox and ptarmigan both evolved temporary white coverings during winter to camouflage with the snow and ice, which is an adaptation to their environment for survival against predators.
These examples of convergent evolution underscore the power of natural selection to produce similar solutions among different species facing similar environmental challenges. This is in contrast to divergent evolution, where organisms from a common ancestor evolve different traits over time.