Final answer:
The sodium-potassium pump is most directly responsible for determining the value of the resting potential of neurons, creating the necessary ion gradient across the cell membrane.
Step-by-step explanation:
The component most directly responsible for determining the value of the resting potential of neurons and other cells is the sodium-potassium pump (1). This pump actively transports three sodium ions (Na+) out of the cell and brings in two potassium ions (K+), using energy from ATP in the process. The unequal movement of these ions contributes to the resting potential of neurons, which is typically around -70 millivolts (mV) inside the cell relative to the outside. The potassium channels (3) also play a critical role in maintaining the resting potential by allowing potassium to move out, which leads to the negative charge inside the neuron.
The resting potential is vital for the transmission of nerve impulses, and the sodium-potassium pump ensures the cell remains excitable by maintaining the electrical gradient across the cell membrane. Ultimately, the synergistic actions of sodium-potassium pumps and potassium channels are essential in establishing the resting membrane potential of neurons.