Final answer:
Chemical bonding that involves atoms sharing electrons is known as covalent bonding. This type of bond can be either non-polar or polar, depending on how the electrons are shared between the constituent atoms.
Step-by-step explanation:
The kind of chemical bonding that involves atoms sharing the outer layer with one another is covalent bonding. In covalent bonds, electrons are shared between atoms, which can be done equally or unequally, leading to the formation of non-polar and polar covalent bonds respectively.
By contrast, ionic bonding occurs when there is a transfer of electrons between atoms, often involving a metal and a nonmetal. Metallic bonding is characterized by a 'sea' of delocalized electrons surrounding metal ions, and hydrogen bonding is a type of dipole-dipole interaction that occurs between molecules that have hydrogen atoms bonded to electronegative atoms such as oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine.
Atoms engage in chemical bonding to achieve a more stable arrangement of their electrons, often resembling the full outer energy level of the nearest noble gas.