Final answer:
Password controls, authentication controls, and program change controls are the mechanisms that restrict access to programs, data, and documentation by verifying user identity and managing modifications to software.
Step-by-step explanation:
The controls that restrict access to programs, data, and documentation are mainly password controls, authentication controls, and program change controls:
- Password controls refer to the mechanisms that require users to enter a secret phrase or series of characters before they can access certain information or systems.
- Authentication controls are broader than just passwords. They can involve a combination of methods such as passwords, biometric data, one-time tokens, or personal identification numbers to verify the identity of a user before granting access.
- Program change controls are designed to manage how modifications to software are made, ensuring that unauthorized changes are prevented and all changes are documented and reviewed appropriately.
Library controls, on the other hand, typically deal with the organization and management of resources or physical documents and do not directly control access to digital programs or data.