Final answer:
STATs translocate to the nucleus and direct the upregulation of gene expression during cytokine signaling. STATs are the molecules that translocate to the nucleus during cytokine signaling to direct gene expression.
Step-by-step explanation:
During cytokine signaling, STATs translocate to the nucleus and direct the upregulation of gene expression. STATs are signal transducers and activators of transcription that play a key role in the activation of genes involved in immune responses. When cytokines bind to their receptors on the cell surface, STATs are phosphorylated and then translocate to the nucleus where they bind to specific DNA sequences and regulate the expression of target genes.
STATs are the molecules that translocate to the nucleus during cytokine signaling to direct gene expression.
During cytokine signaling, STATs (Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription) translocate to the nucleus and direct the upregulation of gene expression. Cytokines are glycoproteins that act as signaling molecules allowing cells to communicate with each other over short distances. They can function as autocrine or paracrine factors: for example, they may induce the receiving cell to change its physiology, stimulate the proliferation of progenitor cells, and help to stimulate both nonspecific and specific resistance to disease. After being activated by cytokine receptors, STATs dimerize, enter the nucleus, and initiate transcription of certain genes, leading to the desired cellular response.