Final answer:
Neurons prevent signal attenuation by using the myelin sheath and nodes of Ranvier for efficient signal transmission and large axon diameters for minimized resistance, ensuring electrical signals are effectively communicated over distances.
Step-by-step explanation:
Neurons circumvent signal attenuation by using structures such as the myelin sheath and the nodes of Ranvier. The myelin sheath acts as an insulator to prevent the dissipation of electrical signals as they travel along the axon, ensuring swift signal conduction. The nodes of Ranvier are gaps in the myelin sheath where the signal is recharged through the process called saltatory conduction, allowing for efficient signal transmission over long distances. Additionally, the diameter of the axon plays a role, as a larger axon provides less resistance for ion diffusion, further aiding in signal propagation. Electrical signals, known as action potentials, begin at the axon hillock after sufficient graded potentials have been summed, and then move down the axon to the axon terminals, where neurotransmitters are released to communicate with adjacent neurons, muscle cells, or glands. This process enables neurons to effectively transmit signals throughout the nervous system without significant loss of signal strength.