Final answer:
The Waterfall methodology is the one where each phase must be completed before moving on to the next; it's a sequential design process as opposed to the iterative approach common in Agile methodologies like Scrum and Kanban.
Step-by-step explanation:
The methodology in which all of one phase is completed prior to moving on to the next phase is called the Waterfall model. This engineering design process is a sequential (non-iterative) design process, where progress is seen as flowing steadily downwards (like a waterfall) through several phases, such as conception, initiation, analysis, design, construction, testing, deployment, and maintenance. The Waterfall methodology is in contrast to Agile methodologies, such as Scrum and Kanban, which are iterative and incremental, allowing for more flexibility and adaptation to change during the development process.
The Waterfall model is most effective when the requirements are well-understood and unlikely to change dramatically during the course of project development. This makes it suitable for environments where a high level of control and documentation is required and the scope of the project is clear from the beginning. As the student's question alluded to practices such as prototyping, testing, and refinement, it should be noted that in a Waterfall approach these would typically fall into distinct and separate phases rather than being iteratively addressed as they would in Agile methodologies.