Final answer:
Streptococcus mutans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Fusobacterium nucleatum found in the mouth can all contribute to cardiac and pulmonary problems. All three are involved in oral infections that, if systemic, can lead to diseases such as atherosclerosis and periodontitis, affecting the heart and lungs.
Step-by-step explanation:
Pathogens Causing Cardiac and Pulmonary Problems
The presence of certain pathogens in the mouth of animals can lead to serious cardiac and pulmonary problems in both humans and animals. The pathogens in question include:
- Streptococcus mutans
- Porphyromonas gingivalis
- Fusobacterium nucleatum
All of the above pathogens can contribute to oral infections which, if left untreated, may lead to more severe systemic conditions. For example, Streptococcus mutans, which is involved in the formation of dental caries, can enter the bloodstream through activities such as tooth brushing or dental procedures. This can cause inflammation and eventually contribute to atherosclerosis, potentially linking to heart attacks and strokes. In the case of Porphyromonas gingivalis, it is primarily associated with periodontitis, a severe gum disease that can also have systemic effects, including adverse cardiac events.
Fusobacterium nucleatum is implicated in various oral infections, including gingivitis and periodontitis, and its presence is a concern for spreading infection beyond the oral cavity. When considering all three, option 4, 'All of the above,' is the correct answer, as each of these pathogens can lead to serious health issues that affect the heart and lungs. It's important to maintain good oral hygiene to prevent these pathogens from causing systemic diseases.