Final answer:
The renal fascia is the outermost dense fibrous connective tissue layer that surrounds the kidney and the adrenal gland, anchoring the kidney in place and providing support and protection.
Step-by-step explanation:
The outermost layer of dense fibrous connective tissue that completely surrounds the kidney and the adrenal gland is called the renal fascia. This layer helps to anchor the kidney in place, securing it within the abdominal cavity. The renal fascia is the outermost of the three layers surrounding the kidneys; beneath it is the perirenal fat capsule, which provides cushioning and insulation, followed by the innermost renal capsule, which serves as a barrier against trauma and infection.
The adrenal glands are positioned on top of each kidney and are also encapsulated by the renal fascia. Each adrenal gland has an outer cortex that produces various hormones, and an inner medulla that secretes different types of hormones.
The kidneys each have three internal regions: an outer cortex, which contains the functional units of the kidney known as nephrons; a medulla in the middle, featuring the renal pyramids; and the inner renal pelvis, which channels the urine towards the ureter and eventually to the bladder.