Final answer:
To synthesize the TyA-TyB protein, the yeast ribosome must undergo a frameshift, which is a genetic mutation involving the insertion or deletion of nucleotides that alters the reading frame of the mRNA, affecting the protein synthesis by incorporating incorrect amino acids.
Step-by-step explanation:
The ribosome of yeast has to frameshift to synthesize the TyA-TyB protein. In the context of the genetic code, a frameshift is the deletion or insertion of nucleotides that is not divisible by three, leading to a shift in the codon reading frame. As indicated in the provided material, the deletion of nucleotides can shift the reading frame, altering the entire protein message, potentially creating a nonfunctional protein or terminating protein synthesis prematurely. Frameshifting can result in a completely different translational reading of all nucleotides downstream of the mutation, effectively altering the resulting protein product.
Transfer RNA (tRNA) plays a critical role in this process. The tRNA molecules have the crucial job of recognizing specific codons on the mRNA and bringing the correct amino acids to the ribosome to be added to the growing protein chain. However, if the mRNA's reading frame is altered due to a frameshift, tRNAs will bring in incorrect amino acids, severely impacting the protein synthesis process and possibly leading to nonfunctional proteins. Therefore, the integrity of the mRNA's reading frame is essential for the correct synthesis of proteins.