Final answer:
The glycocalyx, or cell coat, primarily consists of carbohydrates that form glycoproteins and glycolipids, allowing for cell recognition, interaction with the environment, and immune defense.
Step-by-step explanation:
The glycocalyx, commonly known as the cell coat, mainly contains carbohydrates that are attached to proteins and lipids, forming glycoproteins and glycolipids, respectively. This structure is essential for various cell functions, including cell-to-cell recognition, protection, and communication with the extracellular environment. The carbohydrate components of the glycocalyx are highly hydrophilic and thus attract large amounts of water, aiding in the interaction of the cell with its watery surroundings. The carbohydrate chains can be straight or branched and are responsible for giving each cell a unique identity, which is crucial for immune system recognition and for proper cell functioning within tissues.