Final answer:
The central nervous system is separated from the peripheral nervous system by the blood-brain barrier, which provides both physical and chemical protection to the brain and spinal cord.
Step-by-step explanation:
The vertebrate central nervous system is physiologically separated from the rest of the nervous system by the blood-brain barrier.
The central nervous system (CNS), consisting of the brain and spinal cord, is differentiated from the peripheral nervous system (PNS) mainly via the blood-brain barrier. This barrier is crucial as it provides protection and an essential filtering mechanism between the bloodstream and the brain. The CNS is encased within the skull and vertebral column and contains various regions responsible for different functions.
Within the CNS, the brain is further divided into distinct regions like the cerebrum, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum. While the CNS manages significant functions and processes, the PNS connects it to the rest of the body. Nervous tissues are safeguarded by meninges and cerebrospinal fluid, providing a physical barrier, while the blood-brain barrier serves a chemical defense, ensuring environmental stability necessary for proper CNS functioning.