Final answer:
The statement that learning occurs as the result of nervous system plasticity is true. Learning involves the brain's ability to adapt and change through memory processes, including encoding, storing, and retrieving information, and is not exclusive to vertebrates nor is it always permanent.
Step-by-step explanation:
Among the statements provided about learning, the one that is true is that learning occurs as the result of nervous system plasticity. This means that our brains are capable of changing and adapting as a result of experience. This plasticity is essential for the processes of memory, including encoding, storing, and retrieving information. Learning can involve the retention and retrieval of stored information, but this isn't exclusive to learning, as it is also an aspect of memory function. Contrary to the statement, learning does not only occur in vertebrates; invertebrates are also capable of learning. While learning often represents a change, the permanence of this change can vary, with some learned responses being temporary or context-dependent.
Memory plays a significant role in learning, as it involves the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information. The brain integrates new information by forming memories. Specifically, the cerebellum processes procedural memories, the hippocampus is involved in encoding new memories, and the amygdala influences the strength and storage location of memories based on emotional responses.
Cognitive learning, which involves a positive or negative stimulus, is just one form of learning observed in animals. It is important to note that learning is not solely limited to cognitive processes but can also include habituation, sensitization, and conditioning.