Final answer:
Expectant management does present a risk for infection during pregnancy, as hormonal changes and a downregulated immune system can increase susceptibility to pathogens like Listeria. Proper medical procedures and screenings are critical to prevent infections that can affect both the mother and the fetus.
Step-by-step explanation:
Expectant management, particularly during pregnancy, does present a risk for infection due to various factors. Pregnant women experience elevated hormone levels which shift the balance of microbiota and lead to higher rates of infections such as vaginosis or candidiasis.
Additionally, the immune system is often downregulated making pregnant individuals more susceptible to pathogens, including serious infections like Listeria monocytogenes. The risks are not only limited to the mother as pathogens capable of crossing the placental barrier can result in miscarriage, stillbirth, or severe fetal infection. Medical procedures, therefore, must be conducted with proper aseptic technique to prevent sepsis and reduce the risk of infection.
Moreover, vertical transmission of infections such as HSV and other TORCH infections from mother to child can also be a concern, leading to serious complications in utero or at the time of birth. Safeguards like screening for HSV during the first trimester and providing systemic acyclovir treatment for newborns with neonatal herpes are important preventative measures. Despite these risks, when managed adequately with sterile medical techniques and appropriate treatments, the impact can be mitigated, safeguarding both the mother's and the baby's health.