Final answer:
Nurturing and positive reinforcement are not causes of personality disorders; rather, factors such as inadequate socialization and consistent defeat or frustration can contribute to their development.
Step-by-step explanation:
The causes of personality disorders are complex and multifaceted, often involving a combination of genetic, environmental, and psychological factors. The factors that do NOT typically contribute to the development of personality disorders include nurturing and positive reinforcement. On the contrary, evidence suggests that adverse childhood experiences, such as inadequate socialization, consistent defeat, frustration, withdrawal, as well as certain temperamental traits, may increase the risk of developing personality disorders later in life. They are typically influenced by factors such as inadequate socialization, consistent defeat, frustration, and withdrawal, as well as abrupt changes in roles.