Final answer:
An organization's culture is reflected in specific characteristics like member identity, team emphasis, management focus, unit integration, control, risk tolerance, reward criteria, conflict tolerance, means versus end orientation, and open-system focus.
Step-by-step explanation:
The ten primary characteristics that capture the essence of an organization's culture include member identity, where individuals either have a personal tie to the organization or see themselves as a collective group; team emphasis, which indicates the level of activities organized around teams rather than individuals; and management focus, referring to whether management decisions are more task or personnel-oriented.
Unit integration describes the level of coordination among units within an organization, while control refers to the enforcement of rules and levels of risk tolerance, which can influence innovation and flexibility. Reward criteria are the standards for allocation of rewards and recognition within the organization, and conflict tolerance denotes the openness and willingness of an organization to allow dissent.
An organization's means versus end orientation focuses on the importance of the process versus the outcome, and an open-system focus reflects the degree of interaction and responsiveness to the external environment.