Final answer:
The basic laws referred to in the question are based on common law, a system developed in England and characterized by judicial decisions rather than religious doctrines or comprehensive legal codes like civil law.
Step-by-step explanation:
The basic laws in question are based on common law, which does not specifically trace its origins to the Middle East and Christianity; instead, common law is a system of law that developed in England and later spread to many of its former colonies, including the United States.
While aspects of common law have been influenced by religious and moral principles over time, its origins and major developments are secular and based on judicial decisions. Common law contrasts with civil law systems which are more comprehensive, codified statutes, which are typical in continental Europe and trace back to Roman law.
States in which people vote democratically on laws based on common agreement, such as secular states, develop their laws based on consensus rather than religious directives. This is different from religious states, where laws are structured around religious regulations, such as Sharia law in Islamic countries.
The subject of this question is recalling the distinction between common law and other legal systems and understanding their origins and influences.