Final answer:
Testicular hypoplasia has various causes including genetic factors, hormonal imbalances, and infection or trauma, indicating that all the options listed contribute to this condition.
Step-by-step explanation:
Testicular hypoplasia can indeed be multi-causal. Some causes include:
- Genetic factors: Genetic abnormalities can lead to underdevelopment of the testes.
- Hormonal imbalances: Disruptions in the endocrine system, particularly involving the pituitary gland or hypothalamus, can affect testicular development.
- Infection or trauma: An injury to the testes or infections can result in testicular hypoplasia.
Thus, the correct answer to your question would be d. All of the above.