Final answer:
Type 2 (proximal) RTA is the type of renal tubular acidosis associated with reduced reabsorption of bicarbonate, causing hyperchloremic acidosis. The correct answer is option b.
Step-by-step explanation:
Type 2 (proximal) RTA is characterized by reduced reabsorption of bicarbonate in the proximal convoluted tubule, leading to hyperchloremic acidosis. In this condition, the bicarbonate is lost in urine in early parts of the renal tubule, which cannot be compensated for later on, resulting in the acidosis.
Commonly, this renal tubular defect may manifest in the setting of broader disorders such as Fanconi syndrome or be secondary to the prolonged use of certain drugs. It contrasts with other types of RTA, such as Type 1, which is associated with the inability of the distal convoluted tubule to excrete hydrogen ions, or Type 4, characterized by a decrease in aldosterone or a resistance to its action often accompanied by hyperkalemia.
Chronic renal disease is another scenario where decreased tubular reabsorption of sodium may be seen, leading to acidosis due to the loss of bicarbonate. Other related conditions that can lead to an imbalance in acid-base include metabolic alkalosis, often caused by excessive vomiting, the overuse of diuretics or laxatives, or endocrine disorders such as Cushing's disease.