Final answer:
The outer layer of fatty tissue that holds the kidney in place and provides a cushion against contusions is called the renal adipose capsule.
Step-by-step explanation:
The outer layer of fatty tissue that holds the kidney in place and provides a cushion against contusions is the renal adipose capsule. Externally, the kidneys are surrounded by three layers: the renal fascia, the perineal fat capsule, and the renal capsule. The renal adipose capsule is the layer of fat between the renal fascia and the renal capsule that protects the kidney.