Final answer:
The presence of protein in the urine is called proteinuria, which can be a sign of kidney disease or other conditions, while physiological proteinuria can occur in healthy individuals under certain conditions.
Step-by-step explanation:
The pathological or normal presence of protein in the urine is called proteinuria. While physiological proteinuria can occur in normal conditions such as pregnancy, vigorous exercise, and orthostatic proteinuria, pathological proteinuria can indicate a range of kidney-related diseases, including issues with the glomeruli. Proteinuria involving the presence of abnormal Bence Jones proteins is associated with conditions such as multiple myeloma. Other urinary conditions include oliguria, which is a significantly reduced urine output often caused by shock or kidney damage, polyuria, characterized by an excessively large amount of urine commonly associated with diabetes, and dysuria, which is painful urination often caused by urinary tract infections. Hematuria involves the presence of red blood cells in urine, which can occur due to infection or injury, and glycosuria is the presence of glucose in urine, typically due to diabetes.